Introduction
The world uses the most synthetic fabric, nylon, because it’s strong, durable and versatile. It is a common textile and appears in an unlimited variety of articles, from clothing and accessories to machine tools and furnishings. It is mouldable, elastic and adaptable to a multitude of uses, which makes it a material that you can’t live without for many industries.
In this tutorial, we’ll learn everything you need to know about nylon fabric, from its fascinating history and revolutionary transformation of textiles to its manufacturing process and uses. If you are a fashion lover, a professional or simply want to know more about textiles, you will learn all there is to know about nylon in this guide.
1. History of Nylon Fabric
- Discovery and Development
Nylon’s is a tale of revolutionary research from the American chemical company DuPont in the 1930s. DuPont chemist Wallace Carothers was leading a group that was working on synthetic polymers – materials that could be engineered to be a certain type of thing. After years of tinkering, Carothers and his colleagues created the first synthetic fibre in 1935.
The invention, which took the name nylon, had originally been made in response to silk, which was expensive and hard to find. The first commercial applications of nylon were as a component of toothbrush bristles in 1938, when the material was introduced to the public for the first time. But nylon didn’t actually make the headlines until 1940 with the advent of nylon socks. They were a hit, quickly replacing silk stockings because they were cheap, durable and soft.
- What Nylon Means for the Textile Sector?
Nylon made textile history. Manufacturers had a material not only for the first time in history that was synthetic but also stronger and more durable than most natural fibres. In the Second World War, nylon was not produced for wear but for use in weapons. It was made into parachutes, ropes, tents and other war-related products.
Nylon’s versatility and strength made it an invaluable tool during the war, and its success gave birth to other synthetic fibres in later decades. By the end of the war, nylon was a household name and reintroduced into every type of consumer product, from clothes and upholstery to industrial products. The influence on the textiles industry was immense, it made possible the synthetic fibre revolution we have today.
2. How Nylon is Made
- Raw Materials
Nylon is a synthetic polymer, that is, it is composed of chemicals, not natural materials such as cotton or wool. These main raw materials used to manufacture nylon come from petrochemicals — chemicals extracted from crude oil. In particular, the syntheses of nylon depend on two monomers:
- Adipic acid
- Hexamethylenediamine
These monomers are extracted from petroleum chemicals and refined to form the atoms of nylon. Petrochemical dependence prompted questions about the environmental impact of nylon manufacturing, but recycling and bio-derived alternatives are making some headway.
- Production Process
There are a series of involved chemical and mechanical reactions in making nylon. The main way nylon fibers are made is by polymerization. This may be slightly different based on what nylon is being used, but in most cases these are the steps:
1. Polymerization of Monomers
To manufacture nylon, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine are first polymerised. Both of these monomers are then subjected to a chemical reaction called condensation polymerisation and give rise to a long chain polymer.
Condensation Polymerization: In this process water is produced in the reaction byproduct and links together the monomers in a chain polymer.
Nylon Salt: The molecule that comes out of this reaction is sometimes called “nylon salt” (hexamethylene diammonium adipate), a crystalline form.
2. Melting and Spinning
After nylon salt has formed, it is heated until it oozes out. This is then pumped out the other side through a device called a spinneret, a machine that has tiny holes that compress the molten nylon into delicate fibres.
Filament Manufacturing: The nylon fibers spouting out of the spinneret get cooled and fused into long filaments.
Drawing: The filaments are then twisted or “drawn” to make the polymer molecules match up, making the fibers more elastic.
3. Post-Processing
Once the fibers are gathered, there are finishing operations to improve their properties and ready them for use in various uses. These processes may include:
Texturizing: Texturing the fibres so that they feel and look better.
Dyeing: Dyeing the fibers in a particular design.
Preserving: Coating & coating the surface of it to protect it from wear, humidity, and UV rays.
Types of Nylon
Nylon is of different varieties, and these are specific properties which will work for certain uses. The most common types are:
Nylon 6:
- Constructed from one monomer, caprolactam.
- With good elasticity, dyeing and scratch resistance.
- Used in textiles, carpets and industrial usage.
Nylon 6,6:
- Consisting of two monomers, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine.
- Stronger than Nylon 6 tensile strength and heat resistance.
- Popular in automobile parts, ropes and athletic fabrics.
3. Characteristics of Nylon Fabric
Nylon is an extremely adaptable synthetic fibre, prized for its balance of physico-chemical attributes. These properties lend it to a host of applications from clothing and jewelry to industrial and military. We will learn about the physical and chemical characteristics of nylon fabric in this part.
- Physical Properties
Strength and Durability
But one of the best things about nylon is that it’s so strong. Tensile strength in nylon fibres – these fibres can take large amount of stretching or pulling, and they will not rupture. That strength is on a par, and sometimes more, with natural fibers such as silk and wool.
Another advantage of nylon is that it is durable. It’s impervious to tearing, abrasion and wear and tear, so it’s perfect for applications that need to last a long time. For instance, nylon is used for things such as backpacks, ropes, and outdoor gear, where strength and tenacity are paramount.
Lightweight and Smooth Texture
Nylon is a light fabric despite its strength. It’s a great fabric to use for clothing that you want to be both durable and comfortable. For athletes and outdoorsmen, for example, nylon clothing and gear are often used as they don’t have unnecessary weight, so they can freely move.
Beyond being light, nylon is also silky. That suppleness makes it soft and therefore very popular for lingerie, hosiery and other intimate garments. The surface of the fabric is smooth too and makes it drape well, giving better looks to nylon clothing.
Elasticity and Resilience
Because nylon is so elastocentric, it will stretch and then rebound back to the same size without cracking. It is an important property to consider for products such as activewear, swimming apparel, hosiery, where elasticity and shape retention are key.
The strength of the fabric is another plus. Cotton fibers are natural wrinkle and wrinkle-recoverers so it’s a great option for easy to take with you on the road that doesn’t need a lot of ironing. This same toughness is what makes the fabric durable — it can withstand repeated wear and washing without major loss of properties.
- Chemical Properties
Resistance to Chemicals and Oils
Nylon is extremely refractory to various chemicals, such as oils, solvents and alkalis. This chemical resistance is why it is an excellent choice for industries that work around harsh chemicals. Nylon, for example, is used in automobile parts, machinery and protective equipment on chemical plant workers.
The oil resistance of the fabric is also suited for everyday use because it will not be ruined by ordinary oils or lotions. This is part of what gives nylon its name: low-maintenance, easy-to-clean fabric.
Exposure to Heat and UV Rays.
Nylon holds up well to many chemicals but, when it comes to heat and UV light, it is quite brittle. For example, if you use nylon fibers for a long period of time, the fibres might melt, bend or deform. This sensitivity to heat excludes it from applications requiring extreme heat resistance.
So, too, is nylon: it can fade from UV light over a long period of time if left in direct sunlight. UV radiation can weaken the fibres over time – making them discoloured, brittle and softer. The solution is usually for manufacturers to include UV stabilizers or coatings into nylon products for outdoor use.
4. Advantages of Nylon Fabric
Nylon’s specific blend of properties are a plus in many fields and it is a very popular material across industries. These are a few of the benefits of nylon fabric:
High Tensile Strength
This is one of the biggest features that nylon has that is high tensile strength. It has this feature and thus it is an excellent option for products that need to be durable and have the capability of bearing loads or tension. For instance, nylon ropes are commonly used in industrial, maritime and recreational environments because they are durable and long-lasting.
In fashion, nylon is strong enough that clothing and accessories from this fabric will remain shaped and solid with use.
Quick-Drying and Moisture-Wicking Properties
Nylon repels, not absorbs, water. Nylon fabrics therefore dry fast and is the ideal material for active wear, swimwear, and outdoor gear. Sportsmen and outdoor lovers like this property as they stay dry and comfortable during exercise.
Not only is nylon quick-drying, it’s also moisture-wicking. It can pull sweat from the skin and evaporate it to keep body temperature in check and reduce pain.
Low-maintenance and Clean Easy.
The fabric is nylon and can be clean easily. It can be machine washed and dried without changing shape or color, and so is perfect for wearing everyday clothes and household items. As with many natural fibres, nylon does not need special detergents or cleaning products – an added plus.
The wrinkle and shrink resistance of nylon also means that nylon wear keeps clothes looking and fitting great even after many washes, meaning you do not have to buy them as often.
Resistant to Wear and Abrasion
Nylon also has the advantage of being tough against wear and tear. The material can resist friction and wear through the years without exhibiting much wear (for example, fraying or pilling). That strength makes nylon an excellent option for products subjected to heavy use like luggage, upholstery and outdoor gear.
Nylon’s toughness is sought after in the workplace for conveyor belts, hoses and protective covers where friction and movement take long to build up.
5. Disadvantages of Nylon Fabric
Nylon has a lot going for it, but there are also some cons to consider when selecting nylon for a particular application. Here are a few of the main disadvantages of nylon fabric:
Non-Biodegradable and Environmental Concerns
And the greatest negative of nylon is its environmental impact. Nylon is not biodegradable, as a synthetic polymer produced from petroleum-based fuels. This means nylon can linger in the atmosphere for centuries as landfill residue and microplastics.
Even the production of nylon has high carbon costs: the use of fossil fuels to extract and process it. What’s more, the chemical reactions in the production of nylon can emit greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere. There are some attempts at developing more sustainable alternatives, but the issue of nylon remains a red herring.
Static Electricity Buildup
Polypropylene is subject to static electricity corrosion, especially if you live in a dry climate. It happens because nylon is a bad conductor of electricity, so electrons build up on its surface. The static charge that result is uncomfortable, and can also cause things such as hanging clothes and gathering dust and lint.
When manufacturers want to reduce the amount of static they tend to mix nylon with other fibres or spray anti-static agent on the fabric. But that is still a big disadvantage for those of us who frequently wear or use nylon products.
With Prolonged Use a Pilling Risky Product.
Pilling is the development of little fuzzy balls on the surface of a textile usually through friction and wear. Nylon doesn’t pill, but even if it does, it will pill in time if you are consistently rubbing or touching the material.
Pilling also makes nylon clothing seem worn and shabby. Pilling does not degrade the quality of the cloth but it is a fashion-forward problem for shoppers who care about the look of their clothing and accessories.
Temperature Insensitive, Compressing or Cracking The Materials.
Nylon, as mentioned above, is very hot. Using the fabric can burn or melt the nylon fibers if heated (using irons, dryers or other open flames). This heat resistance constrains nylon to use where exposing it to high temperatures cannot be avoided.
Wash and dry nylon clothing in accordance with care instructions to avoid spotting. Low heat or air-drying can help to maintain the quality of the fabric and make it last longer.
6. Common Uses of Nylon Fabric
Because nylon is so adaptable, durable, and versatile, it’s used for so many different purposes. Whether it be for clothes for the street or the office, nylon has become a necessity. We are going to see various industrial uses of nylon fabric in this section.
- Apparel
It is commonly used in the clothing industry where nylon is a very versatile fabric that is used for clothing and accessories.
Activewear and Sportswear
It is activewear and sportswear which see the most use of nylon. Athletic athletes and gym goers want clothes that breathe, absorb moisture and wick away sweat. All of these things nylon excels at, making it the go-to fabric for:
- Leggings and yoga pants
- Running shorts and track pants
- Sports bras and compression garments
- Swimwear
Because the material is supple and strong, it does not buckle and lose its form, even with high intensity exercise. Also, it’s quick-drying, perfect for any outdoor or water sports activities.
Hosiery and Lingerie
It was hosiery that originally launched nylon, and it remains the fabric of choice for stockings, tights and pantyhose. Its velvety texture, lightweight feel, and morphability suit such uses well.
In underwear, nylon is often mixed with other fabrics such as spandex to make clothing that’s both thin and thick. Lycra Lingerie – Lycra lingerie is soft and silky, great support, and it’s a favorite among intimate wear.
Outerwear and Windbreakers
Nylon is resistant to wind and water and hence the fabric of choice for outerwear. Packed lightweight and tough, nylon makes:
- Windbreakers and rain jackets
- Puffer jackets and insulated coats
- Outdoor adventure gear
They are made with nylon, which repels water, does not tear, and it insulates to keep you warm and dry in any kind of weather.
- Home Textiles
Nylon is very durable and water-resistant, which is another reason it is preferred for home textiles as textiles are regularly used and cleaned.
Carpets and Rugs
The most popular type of carpets and rugs are made of nylon. It has high tensile strength, resistance to wear and holds brilliant colors well, which makes it a perfect material for floors. Nylon carpets are:
- Resistant to stains and spills
- Easy to clean and maintain
- Robust enough to stand up to a good footfall.
Therefore, you see nylon carpets widely used in both the domestic and the commercial sector.
Upholstery and Curtains
Also used for upholstery of furniture is nylon, where strength and wear resistance come into play. It is often combined with other fibers to make durable and beautiful upholstery fabrics.
In curtains and drapes, nylon is lightweight, smooth, and wrinkle-resistant. Because it is very dye-retentive, nylon curtains are not faded.
- Industrial Applications
Nylon is also used in many industrial applications, outside of clothing and furniture textiles, where it is necessary to have its strength, malleability and elasticity.
Ropes, Nets, and Cords
This elasticity and toughness of nylon makes it a great material for ropes, nets, and cord for:
- Marine and fishing industries
- Climbing and outdoor recreation
- Construction and industrial settings
They appreciate nylon ropes that are tough enough to bear heavy loads, stay dry, and remain flexible even in harsh conditions.
Automotive Components
When it comes to automobile components, nylon is used to produce many different parts such as:
- Engine covers
- Air intake manifolds
- Seat belts and airbags
It’s light and is breathable, heat-resistant and chemical resistant, which makes nylon a perfect option for boosting fuel economy and keeping cars safe and secure.
Parachutes and Military Gear
Nylon was first employed in parachutes for the Second World War, and it is still utilised in military gear. It is tough, lightweight, and tear resistant, so it is good for:
- Parachutes and harnesses
- Tents and tarps
- Backpacks and tactical gear
The material’s durability under heightened conditions ensures it is still employed for defence and rescue missions.
7. Comparison with Other Synthetic Fabrics
There are various synthetic fibers like nylon out there. It has a lot going for it, but you’ll need to know how it ranks in comparison to other popular synthetic fabrics.
- Nylon vs. Polyester
Feature Nylon Polyester
- Tensile strength Better than nylon A bit weaker than nylon.
- Quality Great abrasion resistance Excellent abrasion resistance Good abrasion resistance.
- Cost More expensive in most cases Cheaper.
- Moisture-wicking Excellent Good
- Heat Resistance Milder Resistance to heat Milder Resistance to heat
Both are widely employed in athletic wear, outdoor apparel, and upholstery fabrics, though nylon is generally employed in uses that require high strength and mobility, and polyester because it is cheaper and heat-resistant.
- Nylon vs. Acrylic
Feature Nylon Acrylic
- Uses Activewear, heavy industry wear, carpets Sweaters, blankets, garden furniture.
- Resistance to Heat Moderate heat Sensitivity High heat Sensitivity.
- Texture Soft and silky Woolly, fluffy feel.
- Strength Anti-wear & tear Resistance Poorer durability than nylon.
- Nylon is stronger and more functional, and acrylic is used as a substitute for wool for its supple feel and insulation.
- Nylon vs. Spandex
Feature Nylon Spandex
- Elasticity Moderate elasticity Exceptional elasticity
- Flexibility Good flexibility Superior flexibility
- Industries Athletic wear, upholstery, ropes Compression shirts, sportswear.
- Residual Very resiliant Less durable than nylon.
- Nylon will hold up better and is less prone to fading while spandex is best for situations that need extra elasticity and stretch.
8. Caring for Nylon Fabric
A little bit of care can help your nylon clothes and products last longer and look as good as new.
- Washing Tips
Choose mild detergent: Heavy detergent will soften nylon fibers, so always use a gentle detergent.
Use cold water: Because nylon is heat sensitive, always use cold or lukewarm water to wash it.
Don’t use fabric softeners: Fabric softeners can saturate the fibers and make them less wicking.
- Drying and Ironing
Dry air-dry: Polyester dries quickly so dry it with air-drying to avoid damage from heat.
Low heat ironing: If ironing is needed, turn on low heat and cover with a cloth so the iron does not touch the nylon fabric.
9. Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Environmental Concerns
The manufacture and use of nylon are harmful to the environment:
Easily non-biodegradable: Nylon is hard to biodegrade, making it end up in the garbage.
Microplastics in the water: Washing nylon clothes releases microplastics into the water which impacts the marine organisms.
Carbon footprint: Making nylon uses a lot of energy and fossil fuel, which emits greenhouse gases.
- Sustainable Alternatives
There is work being done to produce more environmentally sound solutions:
Recycling of nylon: Post-consumer and post-industrial nylon sludge is recycled into new products by producers that do not need virgin materials.
Nylon based on bio-materials: Bio-engineering techniques are making nylon out of renewable materials such as castor oil, which is a cleaner choice.
Yashvi Jain, a writer by day and reader by night, is an accomplished content writer and published author of ‘Mind Under Construction. Yashvi possesses extensive knowledge of fabrics, sustainability, and literature. On occasions, you would catch her scripting for her YouTube channel, engrossed in fiction, or ardently dedicating her time to research and storytelling.